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Thermal expansion describes how materials change size with temperature. Most solids expand when heated and contract when cooled. Linear thermal expansion: ΔL = α × L₀ × ΔT, where α is the material's coefficient of thermal expansion.

Hướng dẫn từng bước

1. 1Linear expansion: ΔL = α × L₀ × ΔT
2. 2Volumetric expansion: ΔV = β × V₀ × ΔT ≈ 3α × V₀ × ΔT
3. 3α (steel) ≈ 12 × 10⁻⁶ /°C · α (aluminium) ≈ 23 × 10⁻⁶ /°C · α (concrete) ≈ 12 × 10⁻⁶ /°C

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